Dense materials, like metals, will absorb xrays, and can produce a shadow image, just like a medical xray image. That is, they bring parallel rays of light to a focus, producing a real image. This is often from a source or object to an observer or screen. If this is too basic for you, you can read up on a level physics equivalent to advanced placement. Its like a bundle of only important and necessary concepts packed together in a pdf form. Sign convention for spherical mirrors the sign conventions for the given quantities in the mirror equation and magnification equations are as follows.
Physics formula chart pdf physics formulas, physics. The crookes tube is also called a discharge tube or cold cathode tube. Lenses ray diagram construction worksheet teaching resources. Medical imaging 506 the nature and production of xrays 507 x ray attenuation 509 improving x ray images 511 computerised axial tomography 5 using ultrasound in medicine 516 echo sounding 518 ultrasound scanning 520 magnetic resonance imaging 522 p2. Particle theory models, internal energy, heat transfer in state changes and latent heat and particle motion in gases. Telescopes, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. When the effect of lenses or mirrors on paths, we consider the drawing of diagrams using light rays and normals. A ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis passes through the principal focus. This is still a classic text, with much brilliant writing. Convex lenses, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. Space group by definition crystal is a periodic arrangement of repeating motifs e. The other ray of light always passes through the focal point of the lens. Ray diagrams are constructed by taking the path of three distinct rays from a point on the object. For students, by students znotes ciecaie igcse,as,a.
Dvance kcse past papers easy physics questions edexcel a level physics b edexcel a level physics notes pdf edexcel a level physics salters nuffield edexcel a2 physics notes edexcel as physics revision guide pdf edexcel physics a2 revision notes pdf edexcel physics unit 2 revision notes edexcel gcse. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Reflection and refraction of light o level mini physics. Three rays are of particular importance in the construction of ray diagrams. Igcse physics notes revision notes chemistry line chart study learning physics education studio.
By definition, magnification m is the height of the image h i divided by the height of the object h o. Physical science science education teaching science science and technology teaching resources gcse physics revision physics notes a level physics physics 101 from our science a level poster range, the waves poster is a great educational resource that helps improve understanding and reinforce learning. It gives more detail on topics that teachers may not. Raydiagram creator free version teaching resources. Electron gun in a cathode ray tube, a beam of electrons is produced by heating. Learn about and revise lenses and their power, real and virtual images, and ray diagrams with gcse bitesize physics. Medical tools vocabulary with images and flashcards download pdf what you need to know about health the heart is the. Examples are given for converging and diverging lenses and for the cases where the object is inside and outside the principal focal length.
This guide is not a comprehensive set of teaching notes. Id highly recommend them to students who are stressed about the upcoming exams or even a. Even many of the diagrams remain unchanged, but with added colour. Physics diagram ray tracing diagram for convex lens see more. All the diagrams, formulas and derivations are given in these notes to help the students acquaint with all the important chapters and concepts. Also offering past papers and exam questions by topic for aqa, edexcel and ocr.
This enables fractures and breaks in the bone to be identified as xrays arent absorbed as much at those points. Lets begin with the task of drawing a ray diagram to show how suzie will be able to see the image of the green object arrow in the diagram below. Ace your physics here with revision notes and practice questions for gce oa level. Xrays are primarily used to view bones as they absorb more x ray intensity than flesh and muscle collimated xrays are passed through the patient onto an x ray film. These are free to download and to share with others provided credit is shown. These notes are given in an engaging and easytounderstand way to help the students understand the concepts thoroughly and retain the formulas and derivations for a longer time. To learn how to operate a cathode ray oscilloscope. The best physics o level notes o and a level notes. Each ray intersects at the image location and then diverges to the eye of an observer. Like gamma rays, xrays can travel through soft tissues in body with little attenuation and are only stopped by high density tissues such as bone. As a result of characteristic and bremsstrahlung radiation generation a spectrum of xray energy is produced within the xray beam. It can be represented as, the currents and voltages in a. A level physics revision notes, videos and more for aqa.
A series of free gcseigcse physics notes and lessons. It gives more detail on topics that teachers may not be familiar with and should be used alongside the specification. Quiz if an object is 12 cm away from a convex lens of focal length 4 cm where will the image be. A worksheet to construct ray diagrams to show where images are formed by a converging convex lens and a diverging concave lens. Gce o level physics notes mini physics learn physics. High quality ciecaie igcse,as,a level, and sat revision notes made by students, for students. Where more xrays are absorbed the whiter the film appears. For simplicity sake, we will suppose that suzie is viewing the. Ray diagrams used for determining location, size, orientation, and type of image. The ray nature of light is used to explain how light refracts at planar and curved surfaces. Units of chapter 30 structure and properties of the nucleus binding energy and nuclear forces radioactivity alpha decay beta decay gamma decay conservation of nucleon number and other conservation laws. In this video i show you how to construct a ray diagram to find out where it will form. Physics igcse 2012 exam revision notes by samuel lees and adrian guillot 1.
Concave lens and ray diagrams examples, solutions, videos. The cathode ray oscilloscope cro is a common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and aplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies. Apr 20, 2015 an interactive resource for the teaching of lens ray diagrams at both gcse and a level designed for aqa specifications but will be useful for any general optics course. Isaac physics a project designed to offer support and activities in physics problem solving to teachers and students from gcse. Nov 16, 2012 since this is conceptual physics, i dont ask them ever to use the thin lens or magnification equation to predict the location and size of an image. The three rays one can draw to find the objectremember one needs only two are. Physics notes form 4 free download kcse revision notes pdf. The o level physics content here is equivalent to the physics required to obtain american high school diploma. As physics chapter 10 notes work, energy and power.
So, to help the students to learn physics more effectively, physics notes for class 12 of various topics are given here. Physics notes form 2 free download kcse revision notes pdf. Concave lenses draw a ray diagram to show how an image is formed by a concave lens. We use ray diagrams, and then estimate distances based on the scale of the diagram. From our science alevel poster range, the waves poster is a great educational resource that helps improve. The componentd in a cathode ray tube consists of a vacuum glass tube with an electron gun, a deflection system for deflecting the electron beam, and a flourescent coated screen. A tungsten wire is used in most xray tubes, electron microscopes and electron microprobes to take advantage of the high temperature for melting 3680 k and evaporation. I even managed to get a in chemistry and a in physics igcse exams. C is the current that changes in magnitude direction continuously with respect to time.
A ray is the direction of the path followed by light. Physics laws learn physics physics lessons how to study physics physics concepts basic physics physics notes physics formulas chemistry notes nayab ali physics notes jeeneet the table below shows you how to differentiate and integrate 18 of the most common functions. Lenses ray diagram construction worksheet teaching. The density of materials including measurements and the particle model of matter gcse physics revision notes. Feb 27, 2015 a worksheet to construct ray diagrams to show where images are formed by a converging convex lens and a diverging concave lens. By sketching a ray diagram, determine whether or not a diverging lens can produce a real image. In a conventional xray tube, the wire is a coil approximately 1 cm by 1 mm, and the temperature is adjusted to minimize evaporation of w atoms which slowly contaminate the. Exchange particles and feynman diagrams a level physics continuing the a level physics revision series looking at exchange particles and feynman diagrams, including gauge bosons, the virtual photon, the gluon and the w and z bosons. Atomic physics or atom physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Textbooks for high school students studying the sciences physics grades 10 12 version 0 november 9, 2008. Either the first focal point of the second focal point. Presentation and worksheets to support with the drawing of ray diagrams.
Object closer than the focal length will appear enlarged and virtual. Cbse class 12 ncert physics notes pdf free download. Do take into consideration though, that physics is intricately connected with mathematics and its quite impossible to know and apply physics without calculation. The word physics evolved from physikos a greek word for nature. Every observer would observe the same image location and every light ray would follow the law of reflection. To reinforce these concepts, it is useful to draw freebody diagrams. Form 4 chapter 5 notes pdf physics form 4 diagrams physics form 4 exam paper 1 physics form 4 exams physics. The part is not damaged by the test, but can be checked for cracks and other flaws. A ray diagram is a diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to view a point on the image of an object. This is the closest an object can be to the eye and remain in focus.
Lesson notes radiography in xray radiography images are produced by casting an xray shadow onto a photographic film or digital detector. A tungsten wire is used in most x ray tubes, electron microscopes and electron microprobes to take advantage of the high temperature for melting 3680 k and evaporation. Image formed by a concave mirror the ray diagrams show the images for six. Physics knowledge will increase as the flow of time.
Dec 25, 2015 trick to drawing ray diagrams for converging lens. Alevel physics revision notes, videos and more for ocr. Snells law and refraction principles are used to explain a variety of realworld phenomena. The basic ray diagram for a convex lens introduces a number of important terms. The cathoderay oscilloscope cro is a common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and aplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies. The best physics as and a level notes, revision guides, tips and websites compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you. The symmetry of a periodic pattern of repeated motifs is the total set of symmetry operations allowed by that pattern let us apply a rotation of 90 degrees about the center point of the pattern which is thought to be indefinitely. This is useful in ray diagrams because the path of this ray can be drawn as a straight line when the lens is. The best physics o level notes compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you. Energy transfer and efficiency calculations and sankey diagrams gcse physics revision notes.
Physics revision site recommended to teachers as a resource by aqa, ocr and edexcel examination boards also recommended by bbc bytesize winner of the iop web awards 2010 cyberphysics a physics revision aide for students at ks3 sats, ks4 gcse and ks5 a and as level. Microscopes, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. A ray that is initially parallel to the central axis of the lens will pass through the. This is a very accurate way of describing the image formed by the lens and it fully includes the effects of monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. Each lesson includes informative graphics, occasional animations and videos, and check your understanding sections that allow the user to practice what is taught. When drawing ray diagrams, the situation is simplified by assuming that the lens. Equivalent to american high school diploma subtopics. Notes to the teacher students must be aware that the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other.
All downloads are covered by a creative commons license. Feedback greatly received particularly constructive ways to improve. Jan 19, 2020 this topic covers reflection and refraction of light of o level physics. Using the law of reflection, complete the raytrace diagram for the four rays a, b, c, d incident on the curved. To understand ray diagrams it is important to know something about images. Ray diagrams and images lenses edexcel gcse physics. Magnifying glasssimple microscope image at near point. A lens is conventionally defined as a piece of glass which is used to focus or change the direction of a beam of light passing through it.
The image formed by a single lens can be located and sized with three principal rays. Cambridge international as and a level physics chapter 32. The physics classroom tutorial presents physics concepts and principles in an easytounderstand language. Notes on alternating current class 12 page 01 alternating current a. The first x ray tube was invented by sir william crooke s. This spectrum can be manipulated by changing the x ray tube current or voltage settings, or by adding filters to select out low energy xrays. Light rays represent the direction of travel of the.
A ray diagram is a representation of the possible paths light can take to get from one place to another. With a concave lens, the image will always be diminished, the right way up and virtual. Not only that, but we will even backtrack a little and start with a discussion of basic ideas about light and vision that predated the discovery of electromagnetic waves. As a result of characteristic and bremsstrahlung radiation generation a spectrum of x ray energy is produced within the x ray beam. This spectrum can be manipulated by changing the xray tube current or voltage settings, or by adding filters to select out low energy xrays. Physics notes form 1 free download kcse revision notes pdf. In a conventional x ray tube, the wire is a coil approximately 1 cm by 1 mm, and the temperature is adjusted to minimize evaporation of w atoms which slowly contaminate the. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around.
Cathoderay oscilloscope, multimeter, and oscillator. Review of kerry parker, parttime college lecturer and editor of physics education. Electron gun in a cathode ray tube, a beam of electrons is produced by heating the filament with a small voltage supply. Xray scanning can also be used in any industry in which the integrity of metal parts needs to be tested aeroplane engines, for example.
The following diagrams show the ray diagram for a concave lens. The horizontal motion is a uniform constant motion and the vertical motion is a. Wave theory of light is used to explain the reflection and refraction of light. There is one ray of light passing through the center of the lens. Pdf ordinary level physics lecturers notes 1 st edition peter. Dynamics and simple freebody diagrams are covered in senior 3 physics. Skills to draw ray diagrams of plane mirror a smarter way. Although, may also be useful for other boardsalevel. When drawing a ray diagram in an examination, students should. Isaac physics a project designed to offer support and activities in physics problem solving to teachers and students from gcse level through to university. Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy and how they interact with each other. Apr 08, 2015 the best physics as and a level notes, revision guides, tips and websites compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you.
Incident rays at least two are drawn along with their corresponding reflected rays. However, it is very time consuming, and unfortunately this action cannot be. Gcse physics waves 4 ray diagrams and lenses duration. Conceptual ideas develop logically and sequentially, ultimately leading into the mathematics of the topics. Help with gcse physics, aqa syllabus a as level and a2 level physics.
The realm of atomic and nuclear physics nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. A ray diagram shows the path of light from an object to mirror to an eye. Having these notes can help the students to prepare and learn various class 12 physics concepts in an effective and easy way. The notes available here are great for revision and studying on the go. Ordinary level physics lecturers notes 1st edition s3 by peter abraham in.
Apr 08, 2018 the best physics o level notes compiled from all around the world at one place for your ease so you can prepare for your tests and examinations with the satisfaction that you have the best resources available to you. Cathode ray oscilloscope, multimeter, and oscillator. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Astrophysics this teaching guide provides background material for teachers preparing students for the optional topic of astrophysics section 3.
This topic covers reflection and refraction of light of o level physics. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and. Convex lenses, geometrical optics alevel physics tutor.
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